Model card for cpubone_b1_dwnorm.timm_r256_in1k

A CPUBone image classification model. CPUBone is designed for efficient CPU inference by balancing a low operation count with hardware-efficient execution (high MACs per second). It combines grouped MBConv variants, reduced convolution kernels, and LowFormer attention in its final two stages. This checkpoint was trained on ImageNet-1k in timm at 256 x 256 resolution.

Model Notes

• dwnorm local MBConv branches normalize the depthwise and projection convolutions, while leaving the expansion convolution unnormalized.
• The default preprocessing is encoded in the pretrained configuration: bicubic resize, ImageNet mean and standard deviation, and a center crop with crop_pct=0.95.
• The model can be used for ImageNet-1k classification, image embeddings, or multi-scale feature-map extraction with features_only=True.
• CPU latency depends on the target hardware, inference runtime, export path, and batch size. See the paper for device-specific batch-size-one measurements and methodology.

Model Details

• Model Type: Image Classification / Feature Encoder
• Model Stats:
  • Params (M): 12.4
  • GMACs: 1.0
  • Activations (M): 4.7
  • Image size: 256 x 256
• Original: https://github.com/altair199797/CPUBone
• License: Apache 2.0
• Dataset: ImageNet-1k
• Papers:
  • CPUBone: Efficient Vision Backbone Design for Devices with Low Parallelization Capabilities: https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.26425
  • PyTorch Image Models: https://github.com/huggingface/pytorch-image-models

Model Usage

Image Classification

from urllib.request import urlopen
from PIL import Image
import timm

img = Image.open(urlopen(
    'https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/beignets-task-guide.png'
))

model = timm.create_model('cpubone_b1_dwnorm.timm_r256_in1k', pretrained=True)
model = model.eval()

# get model specific transforms (normalization, resize)
data_config = timm.data.resolve_model_data_config(model)
transforms = timm.data.create_transform(**data_config, is_training=False)

output = model(transforms(img).unsqueeze(0))  # unsqueeze single image into batch of 1

top5_probabilities, top5_class_indices = torch.topk(output.softmax(dim=1) * 100, k=5)

Feature Map Extraction

from urllib.request import urlopen
from PIL import Image
import timm

img = Image.open(urlopen(
    'https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/beignets-task-guide.png'
))

model = timm.create_model(
    'cpubone_b1_dwnorm.timm_r256_in1k',
    pretrained=True,
    features_only=True,
)
model = model.eval()

# get model specific transforms (normalization, resize)
data_config = timm.data.resolve_model_data_config(model)
transforms = timm.data.create_transform(**data_config, is_training=False)

output = model(transforms(img).unsqueeze(0))  # unsqueeze single image into batch of 1

for o in output:
    # print shape of each feature map in output
    # e.g.:
    #  torch.Size([1, 32, 64, 64])
    #  torch.Size([1, 64, 32, 32])
    #  torch.Size([1, 128, 16, 16])
    #  torch.Size([1, 256, 8, 8])

    print(o.shape)

Image Embeddings

from urllib.request import urlopen
from PIL import Image
import timm

img = Image.open(urlopen(
    'https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/beignets-task-guide.png'
))

model = timm.create_model(
    'cpubone_b1_dwnorm.timm_r256_in1k',
    pretrained=True,
    num_classes=0,  # remove classifier nn.Linear
)
model = model.eval()

# get model specific transforms (normalization, resize)
data_config = timm.data.resolve_model_data_config(model)
transforms = timm.data.create_transform(**data_config, is_training=False)

output = model(transforms(img).unsqueeze(0))  # output is (batch_size, num_features) shaped tensor

# or equivalently (without needing to set num_classes=0)

output = model.forward_features(transforms(img).unsqueeze(0))
# output is unpooled, a (1, 256, 8, 8) shaped tensor

output = model.forward_head(output, pre_logits=True)
# output is a (1, num_features) shaped tensor

Model Comparison

ImageNet-1k validation accuracy in FP32 with bicubic interpolation and a centered crop (crop_pct=0.95). Values are Top-1 / Top-5 percentages; only input resolution changes between columns.

Citation

@inproceedings{nottebaum2026cpubone,
  title={CPUBone: Efficient Vision Backbone Design for Devices with Low Parallelization Capabilities},
  author={Nottebaum, Moritz and Dunnhofer, Matteo and Micheloni, Christian},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
  year={2026}
}

@misc{rw2019timm,
  author = {Ross Wightman},
  title = {PyTorch Image Models},
  year = {2019},
  publisher = {GitHub},
  journal = {GitHub repository},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.4414861},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/huggingface/pytorch-image-models}}
}