Conditional-DETR ResNet-50 - Handwritten Signature Detection

This repository presents a Conditional-DETR model with ResNet-50 backbone, fine-tuned to detect handwritten signatures in document images. This model achieved the highest mAP@0.5 (93.65%) among all tested architectures in our comprehensive evaluation.

---

Dataset

The training utilized a dataset built from two public datasets: [Tobacco800](https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/tobacco-800) and [signatures-xc8up](https://universe.roboflow.com/roboflow-100/signatures-xc8up), unified and processed in [Roboflow](https://roboflow.com/).

Dataset Summary:

• Training: 1,980 images (70%)
• Validation: 420 images (15%)
• Testing: 419 images (15%)
• Format: COCO JSON
• Resolution: 640x640 pixels

---

Training Process

The training process involved the following steps:

1. Model Selection:

Various object detection models were evaluated to identify the best balance between precision, recall, and inference time.

Highlights:

• Best mAP50: conditional-detr-resnet-50 (0.936524)
• Best mAP50-95: yolov8m (0.665495)
• Fastest Inference Time: yolov10n (73.8596 ms)

Detailed experiments are available on Weights & Biases.

2. Hyperparameter Tuning:

The YOLOv8s model, which demonstrated a good balance of inference time, precision, and recall, was selected for hyperparameter tuning.

Optuna was used for 20 optimization trials. The hyperparameter tuning used the following parameter configuration:

    dropout = trial.suggest_float("dropout", 0.0, 0.5, step=0.1)
    lr0 = trial.suggest_float("lr0", 1e-5, 1e-1, log=True)
    box = trial.suggest_float("box", 3.0, 7.0, step=1.0)
    cls = trial.suggest_float("cls", 0.5, 1.5, step=0.2)
    opt = trial.suggest_categorical("optimizer", ["AdamW", "RMSProp"])

Results can be visualized here: Hypertuning Experiment.

3. Evaluation:

The models were evaluated on the test set at the end of training in ONNX (CPU) and TensorRT (GPU - T4) formats. Performance metrics included precision, recall, mAP50, and mAP50-95.

Results Comparison:

---

Results

After hyperparameter tuning of the YOLOv8s model, the best model achieved the following results on the test set:

• Precision: 94.74%
• Recall: 89.72%
• mAP@50: 94.50%
• mAP@50-95: 67.35%
• Inference Time:
  • ONNX Runtime (CPU): 171.56 ms
  • TensorRT (GPU - T4): 7.657 ms

---

How to Use

Installation

pip install transformers torch torchvision pillow

Inference

from transformers import AutoImageProcessor, AutoModelForObjectDetection
from PIL import Image
import torch

# Load model and processor
model_name = "tech4humans/conditional-detr-50-signature-detector"
processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForObjectDetection.from_pretrained(model_name)

# Load and process image
image = Image.open("path/to/your/document.jpg")
inputs = processor(images=image, return_tensors="pt")

# Run inference
with torch.no_grad():
    outputs = model(**inputs)

# Post-process results
target_sizes = torch.tensor([image.size[::-1]])
results = processor.post_process_object_detection(
    outputs, target_sizes=target_sizes, threshold=0.5
)[0]

# Extract detections
for score, label, box in zip(results["scores"], results["labels"], results["boxes"]):
    box = [round(i, 2) for i in box.tolist()]
    print(f"Detected signature with confidence {round(score.item(), 3)} at location {box}")

Visualization

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as patches
from PIL import Image

def visualize_predictions(image_path, results, threshold=0.5):
    image = Image.open(image_path)
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, figsize=(12, 9))
    ax.imshow(image)
    
    for score, label, box in zip(results["scores"], results["labels"], results["boxes"]):
        if score > threshold:
            x, y, x2, y2 = box.tolist()
            width, height = x2 - x, y2 - y
            
            rect = patches.Rectangle(
                (x, y), width, height, 
                linewidth=2, edgecolor='red', facecolor='none'
            )
            ax.add_patch(rect)
            ax.text(x, y-10, f'Signature: {score:.3f}', 
                   bbox=dict(boxstyle="round,pad=0.3", facecolor="yellow", alpha=0.7))
    
    ax.set_title("Signature Detection Results")
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

# Use the visualization
visualize_predictions("path/to/your/document.jpg", results)

---

Demo

You can explore the model and test real-time inference in the Hugging Face Spaces demo, built with Gradio and ONNXRuntime.

---

🔗 Inference with Triton Server

If you want to deploy this signature detection model in a production environment, check out our inference server repository based on the NVIDIA Triton Inference Server.

---

Infrastructure

Software

The model was trained and tuned using a Jupyter Notebook environment.

• Operating System: Ubuntu 22.04
• Python: 3.10.12
• PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu121
• Ultralytics: 8.3.58
• Roboflow: 1.1.50
• Optuna: 4.1.0
• ONNX Runtime: 1.20.1
• TensorRT: 10.7.0

Hardware

Training was performed on a Google Cloud Platform n1-standard-8 instance with the following specifications:

• CPU: 8 vCPUs
• GPU: NVIDIA Tesla T4

---

License

Model Weights, Code and Training Materials – Apache 2.0

• License: Apache License 2.0
• Usage: All training scripts, deployment code, and usage instructions are licensed under the Apache 2.0 license.

---

Contact and Information

For further information, questions, or contributions, contact us at iag@tech4h.com.br.

📧 Email: iag@tech4h.com.br
🌐 Website: www.tech4.ai
💼 LinkedIn: Tech4Humans

Author

---

Developed with 💜 by Tech4Humans