MIMESIS-4B

MIMESIS is a purpose-built user simulator trained on human conversations with explicit reasoning supervision and 13 realistic behavioral patterns derived from real user interactions. Given a user's goal, it plays the user in a conversation with an AI assistant and thinks privately before each message. MIMESIS-4B is fine-tuned from Qwen3.5-4B. A 9B version is also available.

Paper · Code · Project page · Collection

Results

Scores for MIMESIS and frontier API models. Lower is better for Turing distance.

Usage

The model was trained with the roles swapped: the assistant under test speaks in the user role, and MIMESIS replies in the assistant role. Its chat template opens a <think> block, so each completion holds a private thought, then </think>, then the message. Loading requires transformers 5.2 or later.

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model_id = "phanviethoang1512/MIMESIS-4B"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id, dtype="auto", device_map="auto")

system = (
    "You are simulating a real human user chatting with an AI assistant. Stay in "
    "character and reply only with the user's next message — natural, first-person, "
    "one turn at a time.\n"
    "\nYour goal:\nExchange the mechanical keyboard you bought last week for one with clicky switches.\n"
    "\nBefore each message, think privately about your motivation, context, and "
    "constraints, then send the message."
)
messages = [
    {"role": "system", "content": system},
    {"role": "user", "content": "Hi! How can I help you today?"},  # the assistant's opening line
]
inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
    messages, add_generation_prompt=True, return_dict=True, return_tensors="pt"
).to(model.device)
output = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=4096, do_sample=True, temperature=1.0)
completion = tokenizer.decode(output[0][inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]:], skip_special_tokens=True)
thought, _, message = completion.partition("</think>")
print(message.strip())  # send only the message to the assistant

To continue, append the full completion as an assistant message and the assistant's reply as a user message. Allow a generous token budget, since the thought comes first. With vLLM or SGLang, keep the model's own chat template.

Intended use

MIMESIS is a research model for training and evaluating interactive agents. It imitates user behavior, including impatience, vagueness, and non-cooperation, so it is not an assistant.

Citation

@article{phan2026mimesis,
  title   = {{MIMESIS}: Learning User Simulators as Training Environments for Interactive Agents},
  author  = {Phan, Hoang and Huynh, Dat and Zhmoginov, Andrey and Zeng, Qi and Mu, Wancen and Cao, Yue and Bi, Shengjie and He, Yun and Oh, Changdae and Lei, Deren},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2610.09484},
  year    = {2026}
}