DeskForge-Qwen3.5-4B

News — v1.1: Updated fine-tuning with additional GUI workflows improves performance on all five external grounding benchmarks. The original paper checkpoint remains available at revision v1.0.

DeskForge-Qwen3.5-4B is Qwen3.5-4B fine-tuned for desktop GUI grounding and next-action prediction using grounding and GUI-workflow supervision. Given a desktop screenshot and a natural-language instruction, it answers with the next action as a pyautogui call whose coordinates are fractions of the screen.

Live demo · Project page · Dataset · Code · Paper · Also available: DeskForge-Gemma4-E4B

Results

Grounding on DeskForge-1M held-out conditions (accuracy, %). New Scenes are unseen scenes with seen attributes; Theme, App and Resolution hold an appearance preset, three applications and a display resolution out of training entirely.

Grounding on external GUI benchmarks (accuracy, %), none of which is used for training:

Evaluation uses thinking disabled, greedy decoding, a 128-token output limit, and a screenshot cap of 2,097,152 pixels.

Long-horizon task completion — v1.0 paper checkpoint (tasks solved). A fixed Qwen3.6-27B planner decides each step and the action model locates its targets, so only the action model differs between the rows:

Usage

The model takes the system prompt it was trained with, one screenshot, and the task. The Transformers example also needs accelerate.

import re

from PIL import Image

MODEL = "docling-project/DeskForge-Qwen3.5-4B"

SYSTEM_PROMPT = """You are a computer-use agent operating a desktop graphical interface. At each step you see the user's task, a screenshot of the current screen, and the actions you have already taken. Reply with the next action as pyautogui code and nothing else -- no explanation, no code fence, no commentary.

Coordinates are fractions of the screen, not pixels: x runs from 0.0 at the left edge to 1.0 at the right edge, y from 0.0 at the top to 1.0 at the bottom. Write both with four decimals.

These are the only actions available:
pyautogui.click(x=0.0000, y=0.0000)
pyautogui.doubleClick(x=0.0000, y=0.0000)
pyautogui.rightClick(x=0.0000, y=0.0000)
pyautogui.middleClick(x=0.0000, y=0.0000)
computer.tripleClick(x=0.0000, y=0.0000)
pyautogui.moveTo(x=0.0000, y=0.0000)
pyautogui.dragTo(x=0.0000, y=0.0000, button='left')
pyautogui.scroll(-4)
pyautogui.hscroll(4)
pyautogui.write(message='text to type')
pyautogui.press('enter')
pyautogui.hotkey(['ctrl', 'c'])
computer.wait()
computer.terminate(status='success')

To scroll at a particular place, move there first and then scroll. When the task is finished, or cannot be finished, end with computer.terminate."""


def fit(image, max_pixels=2_097_152):
    """Downscale to at most max_pixels (even sides, Lanczos), as in training."""
    w, h = image.size
    if w * h <= max_pixels:
        return image
    s = (max_pixels / (w * h)) ** 0.5
    return image.resize((max(2, int(w * s) // 2 * 2), max(2, int(h * s) // 2 * 2)), Image.LANCZOS)


def user_text(instruction):
    return f"Task: {instruction}\n\nActions already taken:\n(none -- this is the first step)\n\nNext action:"


def chat(instruction):
    return [
        {"role": "system", "content": SYSTEM_PROMPT},
        {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "image"}, {"type": "text", "text": user_text(instruction)}]},
    ]


def to_pixels(action, screenshot):
    x, y = map(float, re.search(r"x=([\d.]+), y=([\d.]+)", action).groups())
    return round(x * screenshot.width), round(y * screenshot.height)


screenshot = Image.open("screenshot.png").convert("RGB")
instruction = "Open the File menu of the text editor."

Transformers

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForImageTextToText, AutoProcessor

model = AutoModelForImageTextToText.from_pretrained(MODEL, dtype=torch.bfloat16, device_map="auto")
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(MODEL)

prompt = processor.apply_chat_template(chat(instruction), tokenize=False,
                                       add_generation_prompt=True, enable_thinking=False)
inputs = processor(text=[prompt], images=[fit(screenshot)], return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
output = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=128, do_sample=False)
action = processor.decode(output[0, inputs["input_ids"].shape[1]:], skip_special_tokens=True).strip()

print(action, to_pixels(action, screenshot))  # e.g. pyautogui.click(x=0.0412, y=0.0535) (105, 77)

vLLM

from transformers import AutoProcessor
from vllm import LLM, SamplingParams

processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(MODEL)
llm = LLM(model=MODEL, max_model_len=16384, limit_mm_per_prompt={"image": 1})

prompt = processor.apply_chat_template(chat(instruction), tokenize=False,
                                       add_generation_prompt=True, enable_thinking=False)
outputs = llm.generate({"prompt": prompt, "multi_modal_data": {"image": fit(screenshot)}},
                       SamplingParams(temperature=0.0, max_tokens=128))
action = outputs[0].outputs[0].text.strip()

print(action, to_pixels(action, screenshot))

vLLM server (OpenAI-compatible API)

vllm serve docling-project/DeskForge-Qwen3.5-4B --max-model-len 16384

import base64
import io

from openai import OpenAI

client = OpenAI(base_url="http://localhost:8000/v1", api_key="EMPTY")

buffer = io.BytesIO()
fit(screenshot).save(buffer, format="PNG")
image_url = "data:image/png;base64," + base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode()

response = client.chat.completions.create(
    model=MODEL,
    messages=[
        {"role": "system", "content": SYSTEM_PROMPT},
        {"role": "user", "content": [
            {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": image_url}},
            {"type": "text", "text": user_text(instruction)},
        ]},
    ],
    max_tokens=128,
    temperature=0.0,
    extra_body={"chat_template_kwargs": {"enable_thinking": False}},
)
action = response.choices[0].message.content.strip()

print(action, to_pixels(action, screenshot))

Training

Intended use and limitations

The model predicts the next GUI action, mainly where to click, from a screenshot and an instruction, and serves as the action model under a planner in multi-step tasks.

• DeskForge screenshots use Linux (Xfce) desktops with several applications per screen, overlapping windows, and Windows- and macOS-inspired appearance presets.
• Reliable multi-step operation depends on the surrounding agent and task planning setup.
• The model is not a safe autonomous agent. Review its actions before running them on real systems.

License

Apache 2.0, following the base model; see LICENSE.

Citation

@misc{gurbuz2026deskforge,
      title={DeskForge: Dense Supervision from Desktop Environments for Computer-Use Agents},
      author={A. Said Gurbuz and Ahmed Nassar and Sunghwan Hong and Marc Pollefeys and Peter W. J. Staar},
      year={2026},
      eprint={2610.02320},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.02320},
}