BatteryOnlyBERT-cased model

Pretrained model on a large corpus of battery research papers using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in this paper and first released in this repository. This model is case-sensitive: it makes a difference between english and English.

Model description

BatteryOnlyBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of battery research papers in a self-supervised fashion. This means it was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts.

More precisely, it was pretrained with the Masked language modeling (MLM) objective. Taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the sentence.

This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard classifier using the features produced by the BERT model as inputs.

Training data

The BatteryOnlyBERT model was pretrained on the full text of battery papers only. The paper corpus contains 1.87B tokens form a total of 400,366 battery research papers that are published from 2000 to June 2021, from the publishers Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), Elsevier, and Springer. The list of DOIs can be found at Github.

Training procedure

Preprocessing

The texts are lowercased and tokenized using WordPiece and a vocabulary size of 28,996. The inputs of the model are then of the form:

[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]

The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:

• 15% of the tokens are masked.
• In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by [MASK].
• In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
• In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.

Pretraining

The model was trained on 8 NVIDIA DGX A100 GPUs for 1,500,000 steps with a batch size of 256. The sequence length was limited to 512 tokens. The optimizer used is Adam with a learning rate of 1e-4, \(\beta_{1} = 0.9\) and \(\beta_{2} = 0.999\), a weight decay of 0.01, learning rate warmup for 10,000 steps and linear decay of the learning rate after.

Intended uses & limitations

You can use the raw model for masked language modeling, but it's mostly intended to be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.

Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked) to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text generation you should look at model like GPT2.

How to use

You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:

>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='batterydata/batteryonlybert-cased')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a <mask> model.")

Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:

from transformers import BertTokenizer, BertModel
tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('batterydata/batteryonlybert-cased')
model = BertModel.from_pretrained('batterydata/batteryonlybert-cased')
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)

and in TensorFlow:

from transformers import BertTokenizer, TFBertModel
tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('batterydata/batteryonlybert-cased')
model = TFBertModel.from_pretrained('batterydata/batteryonlybert-cased')
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)

Evaluation results

Final loss: 1.0614.

Authors

Shu Huang: sh2009 [at] cam.ac.uk

Jacqueline Cole: jmc61 [at] cam.ac.uk

Citation

BatteryBERT: A Pre-trained Language Model for Battery Database Enhancement