ModernBERT-base trained on GooAQ

This is a Cross Encoder model finetuned from cross-encoder/ms-marco-MiniLM-L6-v2 using the sentence-transformers library. It computes scores for pairs of texts, which can be used for text reranking and semantic search.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Cross Encoder
Base model: cross-encoder/ms-marco-MiniLM-L6-v2
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Number of Output Labels: 1 label

Language: en
License: apache-2.0

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Documentation: Cross Encoder Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Cross Encoders on Hugging Face

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import CrossEncoder

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = CrossEncoder("ayushexel/reranker-ms-marco-MiniLM-L6-v2-gooaq-bce-500k")
# Get scores for pairs of texts
pairs = [
    ['what are the 50 state mottos?', '[\'Maine. "Dirigo" (\\u200bI direct)\', \'44. California. "\\u200bEureka" (I have found it) ... \', \'Arizona. "Ditat Deus" (\\u200bGod Enriches) ... \', \'Indiana. "The Crossroads of America" ... \', \'Alaska. "North to the Future" ... \', \'Utah. "Industry" ... \', \'Delaware. "Liberty and Independence" ... \', \'Maryland. "Fatti maschii, parole femine" (Manly deeds womanly words) ... \']'],
    ['what does it mean when you have white pee?', 'A milky quality to your urine is typically caused by your body sending an increase in white blood cells to fight an infection. When these white blood exit your body via your urine, the cells mix, and your urine appears cloudy.'],
    ['what does it mean when you have white pee?', 'White balance (WB) is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.'],
    ['what does it mean when you have white pee?', "['Lower abdominal pain.', 'Pain during urination.', 'Frequent urination.', 'Difficulty urinating or interrupted urine flow.', 'Blood in the urine.', 'Cloudy or abnormally dark-colored urine.']"],
    ['what does it mean when you have white pee?', 'Peeps. ... Peeps are marshmallows sold in the United States and Canada that are shaped into chicks, bunnies, and other animals.'],
]
scores = model.predict(pairs)
print(scores.shape)
# (5,)

# Or rank different texts based on similarity to a single text
ranks = model.rank(
    'what are the 50 state mottos?',
    [
        '[\'Maine. "Dirigo" (\\u200bI direct)\', \'44. California. "\\u200bEureka" (I have found it) ... \', \'Arizona. "Ditat Deus" (\\u200bGod Enriches) ... \', \'Indiana. "The Crossroads of America" ... \', \'Alaska. "North to the Future" ... \', \'Utah. "Industry" ... \', \'Delaware. "Liberty and Independence" ... \', \'Maryland. "Fatti maschii, parole femine" (Manly deeds womanly words) ... \']',
        'A milky quality to your urine is typically caused by your body sending an increase in white blood cells to fight an infection. When these white blood exit your body via your urine, the cells mix, and your urine appears cloudy.',
        'White balance (WB) is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.',
        "['Lower abdominal pain.', 'Pain during urination.', 'Frequent urination.', 'Difficulty urinating or interrupted urine flow.', 'Blood in the urine.', 'Cloudy or abnormally dark-colored urine.']",
        'Peeps. ... Peeps are marshmallows sold in the United States and Canada that are shaped into chicks, bunnies, and other animals.',
    ]
)
# [{'corpus_id': ..., 'score': ...}, {'corpus_id': ..., 'score': ...}, ...]

Evaluation

Metrics

Cross Encoder Reranking

Dataset: gooaq-dev
Evaluated with CrossEncoderRerankingEvaluator with these parameters:
```
{
    "at_k": 10,
    "always_rerank_positives": false
}
```

Metric	Value
map	0.5832 (+0.2028)
mrr@10	0.5818 (+0.2114)
ndcg@10	0.6298 (+0.1971)

Cross Encoder Reranking

Datasets: NanoMSMARCO_R100, NanoNFCorpus_R100 and NanoNQ_R100
Evaluated with CrossEncoderRerankingEvaluator with these parameters:
```
{
    "at_k": 10,
    "always_rerank_positives": true
}
```

Metric	NanoMSMARCO_R100	NanoNFCorpus_R100	NanoNQ_R100
map	0.4501 (-0.0395)	0.3711 (+0.1101)	0.3764 (-0.0432)
mrr@10	0.4371 (-0.0404)	0.5112 (+0.0114)	0.3779 (-0.0488)
ndcg@10	0.5122 (-0.0282)	0.3773 (+0.0523)	0.4386 (-0.0621)

Cross Encoder Nano BEIR

Dataset: NanoBEIR_R100_mean

Evaluated with CrossEncoderNanoBEIREvaluator with these parameters:

{
    "dataset_names": [
        "msmarco",
        "nfcorpus",
        "nq"
    ],
    "rerank_k": 100,
    "at_k": 10,
    "always_rerank_positives": true
}

Metric	Value
map	0.3992 (+0.0091)
mrr@10	0.4421 (-0.0260)
ndcg@10	0.4427 (-0.0127)

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 3,648,749 training samples
Columns: question, answer, and label

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	question	answer	label
type	string	string	int
details	min: 18 characters mean: 43.54 characters max: 83 characters	min: 53 characters mean: 248.29 characters max: 400 characters	0: ~86.10% 1: ~13.90%

Samples:

question	answer	label
`what are the 50 state mottos?`	`['Maine. "Dirigo" (\u200bI direct)', '44. California. "\u200bEureka" (I have found it) ... ', 'Arizona. "Ditat Deus" (\u200bGod Enriches) ... ', 'Indiana. "The Crossroads of America" ... ', 'Alaska. "North to the Future" ... ', 'Utah. "Industry" ... ', 'Delaware. "Liberty and Independence" ... ', 'Maryland. "Fatti maschii, parole femine" (Manly deeds womanly words) ... ']`	`1`
`what does it mean when you have white pee?`	`A milky quality to your urine is typically caused by your body sending an increase in white blood cells to fight an infection. When these white blood exit your body via your urine, the cells mix, and your urine appears cloudy.`	`1`
`what does it mean when you have white pee?`	`White balance (WB) is the process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo. Proper camera white balance has to take into account the "color temperature" of a light source, which refers to the relative warmth or coolness of white light.`	`0`

Loss: BinaryCrossEntropyLoss with these parameters:

{
    "activation_fn": "torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity",
    "pos_weight": 7
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 2048
per_device_eval_batch_size: 2048
learning_rate: 2e-05
warmup_ratio: 0.1
seed: 12
bf16: True
dataloader_num_workers: 12
load_best_model_at_end: True

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 2048
per_device_eval_batch_size: 2048
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 2e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 3
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 12
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: True
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 12
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: True
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
tp_size: 0
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	gooaq-dev_ndcg@10	NanoMSMARCO_R100_ndcg@10	NanoNFCorpus_R100_ndcg@10	NanoNQ_R100_ndcg@10	NanoBEIR_R100_mean_ndcg@10
-1	-1	-	0.5865 (+0.1538)	0.6686 (+0.1282)	0.3930 (+0.0680)	0.7599 (+0.2592)	0.6072 (+0.1518)
0.0006	1	2.0734	-	-	-	-	-
0.1122	200	1.4177	-	-	-	-	-
0.2245	400	0.7296	-	-	-	-	-
0.3367	600	0.6662	-	-	-	-	-
0.4489	800	0.6445	-	-	-	-	-
0.5612	1000	0.621	0.6176 (+0.1849)	0.5862 (+0.0458)	0.4371 (+0.1121)	0.4987 (-0.0020)	0.5073 (+0.0520)
0.6734	1200	0.6122	-	-	-	-	-
0.7856	1400	0.6031	-	-	-	-	-
0.8979	1600	0.5944	-	-	-	-	-
1.0101	1800	0.5846	-	-	-	-	-
1.1223	2000	0.5647	0.6222 (+0.1895)	0.5471 (+0.0066)	0.4028 (+0.0778)	0.4703 (-0.0304)	0.4734 (+0.0180)
1.2346	2200	0.5636	-	-	-	-	-
1.3468	2400	0.5587	-	-	-	-	-
1.4590	2600	0.5543	-	-	-	-	-
1.5713	2800	0.5559	-	-	-	-	-
1.6835	3000	0.5496	0.6242 (+0.1915)	0.4842 (-0.0563)	0.3852 (+0.0601)	0.4132 (-0.0874)	0.4275 (-0.0279)
1.7957	3200	0.5426	-	-	-	-	-
1.9080	3400	0.5422	-	-	-	-	-
2.0202	3600	0.5426	-	-	-	-	-
2.1324	3800	0.5311	-	-	-	-	-
2.2447	4000	0.5267	0.6291 (+0.1963)	0.5247 (-0.0158)	0.3832 (+0.0581)	0.4469 (-0.0538)	0.4516 (-0.0038)
2.3569	4200	0.526	-	-	-	-	-
2.4691	4400	0.5255	-	-	-	-	-
2.5814	4600	0.5229	-	-	-	-	-
2.6936	4800	0.5206	-	-	-	-	-
2.8058	5000	0.5196	0.6298 (+0.1971)	0.5122 (-0.0282)	0.3773 (+0.0523)	0.4386 (-0.0621)	0.4427 (-0.0127)
2.9181	5200	0.5261	-	-	-	-	-
-1	-1	-	0.6298 (+0.1971)	0.5122 (-0.0282)	0.3773 (+0.0523)	0.4386 (-0.0621)	0.4427 (-0.0127)

The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

Framework Versions

Python: 3.11.0
Sentence Transformers: 4.0.1
Transformers: 4.50.3
PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
Accelerate: 1.5.2
Datasets: 3.5.0
Tokenizers: 0.21.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}