Introduction

Reinforcement learning (RL) (e.g., GRPO) helps with grounding because of its inherent objective alignment—rewarding successful clicks—rather than encouraging long textual Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. Unlike approaches that rely heavily on verbose CoT reasoning, GRPO directly incentivizes actionable and grounded responses. Based on findings from our blog, we share state-of-the-art GUI grounding models trained using GRPO.

Grounding Performance

We follow the standard evaluation protocol and benchmark our model on three challenging datasets. Our method consistently achieves the best results among all open-source model families. Below are the comparative results:

Note:

• Model size is indicated in billions (B) of parameters.
• A dash (—) denotes results that are currently unavailable.
• A superscript asterisk (﹡) denotes our evaluated result.
• UI-TARS-1.5 7B, OpenCUA-7B, and OpenCUA-32B are applied as our baseline models.
• ∆ indicates the performance improvement (∆) of our model compared to its baseline.

Agent Performance

OSWorld and OSWorld-Verified Benchmarks

We evaluate our models on the OSWorld and OSWorld-Verified benchmarks following the standard evaluation protocol. The results demonstrate strong performance across both datasets.

Note: A dash (—) indicates unavailable results.

WindowsAgentArena Benchmark

We also evaluate our models on the WindowsAgentArena benchmark, demonstrating strong performance in Windows-specific GUI automation tasks.

Note: A dash (—) indicates unavailable results.

Inference

Below is a code snippet demonstrating how to run inference using a trained model.

from PIL import Image
from qwen_vl_utils import process_vision_info, smart_resize
from transformers import Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration, AutoProcessor
import torch
import re

SYSTEM_PROMPT = '''
You are an expert UI element locator. Given a GUI image and a user's element description, provide the coordinates of the specified element as a single (x,y) point. The image resolution is height {height} and width {width}. For elements with area, return the center point.

Output the coordinate pair exactly:
(x,y)
'''
SYSTEM_PROMPT=SYSTEM_PROMPT.strip()

# Function to extract coordinates from model output
def extract_coordinates(raw_string):
    try:
        matches = re.findall(r"\((-?\d*\.?\d+),\s*(-?\d*\.?\d+)\)", raw_string)
        return [tuple(map(int, match)) for match in matches][0]
    except:
        return 0,0

# Load model and processor
model_path = "HelloKKMe/GTA1-7B"
max_new_tokens = 32

model = Qwen2_5_VLForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(
    model_path,
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    attn_implementation="flash_attention_2",
    device_map="auto"
)
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(
    model_path,
    min_pixels=3136,
    max_pixels= 4096 * 2160
)

# Load and resize image
image = Image.open("file path")
instruction = "description"  # Instruction for grounding
width, height = image.width, image.height

resized_height, resized_width = smart_resize(
    image.height,
    image.width,
    factor=processor.image_processor.patch_size * processor.image_processor.merge_size,
    min_pixels=processor.image_processor.min_pixels,
    max_pixels=processor.image_processor.max_pixels,
)
resized_image = image.resize((resized_width, resized_height))
scale_x, scale_y = width / resized_width, height / resized_height

# Prepare system and user messages
system_message = {
   "role": "system",
   "content": SYSTEM_PROMPT.format(height=resized_height,width=resized_width)
}

user_message = {
    "role": "user",
    "content": [
        {"type": "image", "image": resized_image},
        {"type": "text", "text": instruction}
    ]
}

# Tokenize and prepare inputs
image_inputs, video_inputs = process_vision_info([system_message, user_message])
text = processor.apply_chat_template([system_message, user_message], tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True)
inputs = processor(text=[text], images=image_inputs, videos=video_inputs, padding=True, return_tensors="pt")
inputs = inputs.to(model.device)

# Generate prediction
output_ids = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens, do_sample=False, temperature=1.0, use_cache=True)
generated_ids = [output_ids[len(input_ids):] for input_ids, output_ids in zip(inputs.input_ids, output_ids)]
output_text = processor.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=True, clean_up_tokenization_spaces=True)[0]

# Extract and rescale coordinates
pred_x, pred_y  = extract_coordinates(output_text) 
pred_x*=scale_x
pred_y*=scale_y 
print(pred_x,pred_y)

Ethical Considerations

This model is released for research and educational purposes. While our model demonstrates strong performance on GUI benchmarks, users should carefully evaluate its suitability for their specific use cases.

Important Considerations:

• Accuracy Limitations: Like all AI systems, this model may produce incorrect outputs or fail to accurately identify GUI elements in certain scenarios.
• Safety and Security: Exercise caution when deploying GUI automation agents, especially in production environments where incorrect actions could affect system integrity or data security.
• Human Oversight: We recommend maintaining appropriate human supervision when using this model for automated GUI interactions.
• Compliance: Users are responsible for ensuring their use of this model complies with applicable laws, regulations, and organizational policies.

Recommended Best Practices:

• Thoroughly test the model in controlled environments before production deployment
• Implement safeguards and error handling mechanisms
• Consider the potential impact of automated actions on user systems and data
• Regularly monitor and validate model performance in your specific domain

For further guidance on use cases, refer to our AUP and AI AUP.

Citation

If you're using any GTA model or find it helpful in your research, please cite it as follows:

@article{yang2025gta1guitesttimescaling,
      title={GTA1: GUI Test-time Scaling Agent}, 
      author={Yan Yang and Dongxu Li and Yutong Dai and Yuhao Yang and Ziyang Luo and Zirui Zhao and Zhiyuan Hu and Junzhe Huang and Amrita Saha and Zeyuan Chen and Ran Xu and Liyuan Pan and Silvio Savarese and Caiming Xiong and Junnan Li},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2507.05791},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05791}, 
}