SentenceTransformer

This is a sentence-transformers model trained on the train_set dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

• Learning other languages ​​besides Chinese and English is insufficient, so additional learning is needed to optimize use of other languages.
• This model is additionally trained on the Korean dataset.

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer Transformer Encoder
• Maximum Sequence Length: 8192 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 1024 tokens
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 8192, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: XLMRobertaModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("dragonkue/bge-m3-ko")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    '수급권자 중 근로 능력이 없는 임산부는 몇 종에 해당하니?',
    '내년부터 저소득층 1세 미만 아동의 \n의료비 부담이 더 낮아진다!\n의료급여제도 개요\n□ (목적) 생활유지 능력이 없거나 생활이 어려운 국민들에게 발생하는 질병, 부상, 출산 등에 대해 국가가 의료서비스 제공\n□ (지원대상) 국민기초생활보장 수급권자, 타 법에 의한 수급권자 등\n\n| 구분 | 국민기초생활보장법에 의한 수급권자 | 국민기초생활보장법 이외의 타 법에 의한 수급권자 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 1종 | ○ 국민기초생활보장 수급권자 중 근로능력이 없는 자만으로 구성된 가구 - 18세 미만, 65세 이상 - 4급 이내 장애인 - 임산부, 병역의무이행자 등 | ○ 이재민(재해구호법) ○ 의상자 및 의사자의 유족○ 국내 입양된 18세 미만 아동○ 국가유공자 및 그 유족․가족○ 국가무형문화재 보유자 및 그 가족○ 새터민(북한이탈주민)과 그 가족○ 5․18 민주화운동 관련자 및 그 유가족○ 노숙인 ※ 행려환자 (의료급여법 시행령) |\n| 2종 | ○ 국민기초생활보장 수급권자 중 근로능력이 있는 가구 | - |\n',
    '이어 이날 오후 1시30분부터 열릴 예정이던 스노보드 여자 슬로프스타일 예선 경기는 연기를 거듭하다 취소됐다. 조직위는 예선 없이 다음 날 결선에서 참가자 27명이 한번에 경기해 순위를 가리기로 했다.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

• ndcg, mrr, map metrics are metrics that consider ranking, while accuracy, precision, and recall are metrics that do not consider ranking. (Example: When considering ranking for retrieval top 10, different scores are given when the correct document is in 1st place and when it is in 10th place. However, accuracy, precision, and recall scores are the same if they are in the top 10.)

Information Retrieval

• Korean Embedding Benchmark is a benchmark with a relatively long 3/4 quantile of string length of 1024

Korean Embedding Benchmark with AutoRAG

This is a benchmark of Korean embedding models. (https://github.com/Marker-Inc-Korea/AutoRAG-example-korean-embedding-benchmark)

• Top-k 1

• Top-k 3

• Top-k 5

• Top-k 10

Information Retrieval

• Dataset: miracl-ko (https://github.com/project-miracl/miracl)
• miracl benchmark is a benchmark with a relatively short 3/4 quantile of string length of 220 on the Korean Wikidata set.
• Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Bias, Risks and Limitations

• Since the evaluation results are different for each domain, it is necessary to compare and evaluate the model in your own domain. In the Miracl benchmark, the evaluation was conducted using the Korean Wikipedia as a corpus, and in this case, the cosine_ndcg@10 score dropped by 0.02 points after learning. However, in the Auto-RAG benchmark, which is a financial domain, the ndcg score increased by 0.09 when it was top 1. This model may be advantageous for use in a specific domain.
• Also, since the miracl benchmark consists of a corpus of relatively short strings, while the Korean Embedding Benchmark consists of a corpus of longer strings, this model may be more advantageous if the length of the corpus you want to use is long.

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

The batch size was referenced from the following paper: Text Embeddings by Weakly-Supervised Contrastive Pre-training (https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.03533)

• eval_strategy: steps
• per_device_train_batch_size: 32768
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 32768
• learning_rate: 3e-05
• warmup_ratio: 0.03333333333333333
• fp16: True
• batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: steps
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 32768
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 32768
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• learning_rate: 3e-05
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1.0
• num_train_epochs: 3
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.03333333333333333
• warmup_steps: 0
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• use_ipex: False
• bf16: False
• fp16: True
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 0
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: True
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: False
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: False
• hub_always_push: False
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• dispatch_batches: None
• split_batches: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• batch_sampler: no_duplicates
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

@misc{bge-m3,
      title={BGE M3-Embedding: Multi-Lingual, Multi-Functionality, Multi-Granularity Text Embeddings Through Self-Knowledge Distillation}, 
      author={Jianlv Chen and Shitao Xiao and Peitian Zhang and Kun Luo and Defu Lian and Zheng Liu},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.03216},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

@article{wang2022text,
  title={Text Embeddings by Weakly-Supervised Contrastive Pre-training},
  author={Wang, Liang and Yang, Nan and Huang, Xiaolong and Jiao, Binxing and Yang, Linjun and Jiang, Daxin and Majumder, Rangan and Wei, Furu},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.03533},
  year={2022}
}